Anthropology of culture with the aspects of the anthropology of the word 3020-BA1AK-S

1. The concept of culture
Issues: Concepts of nature and culture, "spirit" and "intellect" vis-à-vis culture; culture as collective creation, material and immaterial aspects of culture, the "objectivity" of culture and its flexibility; the individual and society as subjects of culture; culture as an artificial human environment, organised behaviour and institutions of culture, its symbolic aspects; cultural regularities, culture and social structure; culture as an attribute of the human condition, cultural universals; innate and acquired factors and culture, cultural condition and human biological condition, anthropology in relation to the heritage of the natural sciences (sociobiology, genetics).
2. Patterns of culture
Issues: the diversity of cultures, its anthropological and biological interpretation; the integration of culture, its configuration; the concept of cultural pattern and its examples: the "Apollonian" (Zuni) and "Dionysian" (Kwakiutl) pattern; the individual and the collective and the cultural pattern; the issue of cultural pattern in developed society, the ideological system as a cultural pattern; patterns, norms and activities, axionormative order.
3. Time
Issues: secular time and sacred time, the reversibility and cyclicality of sacred time, the actualization of myths - ontophanic and pattern-making function; the anthropomorphicity and locality of cyclic time, the Christianization of time: from "a world without history" to "sacred history", from sacred time to the liturgical year, village time and city time - "Church time" and "merchant time"; theological and teleological models of time - overcoming them:secularisation, mechanisation, quantification, the clock as a figure of experiencing time, Darwin's opening of linear time; time as motion and time as an independent quantity, organic and functional understanding of time; concepts of hypothetical universal time: mathematical, Newton's absolute time, cosmic time; Einstein: time in relation to motion and gravity, a new vision of the cosmos, the relativity of time.
4. Space
Issues: the establishment of the world and sacred space, "our world" and "the hereafter", cosmos and chaos, settlement as sanctification, fixed point - point of support, the centre of the world and its symbolism; the body and the spatial orientation scheme:"up - down", "back - front", "right - left", the body and measures of space, personal pronouns and space; space as extents of the body, categorisation of space, distances: intimate, individual, social, public.
5. The body
Topics: the human being as a physio-psycho-sociological whole; the body - the first tool of man; body techniques - traditional effective actions; classification of body techniques; transmission of body techniques: prestige and training; the role of the face in social interactions: facial mask versus "facial nudity"; the creative and communicative function of the hands; the historical variability of the cultural attitude towards nudity, openness and intimacy; the "naive" versus "sentimental" cultural attitude towards bodily nudity.
6. The person - personality - social character
Topics: the concept of person and its evolution: from identification with the mask - through the legal, moral and spiritual person - to the philosophical category; psyche and personality in the psychoanalytic conception, the role of the Oedipus complex in the formation of the superego, the prohibition of incest - culture as a result of the defence of the self against drives, the influence of social interaction on the formation of personality; Cross-cultural and intra-cultural differentiation of character, social character as internalisation of tasks set by the social system, dynamics of the relationship between character and social process, economic situation and ideology, personality - between determination and freedom.
7. Marriage - family - kinship
Topics: marriage - its sexual, procreative, economic, legal and ritual aspects; social determinants of marriage: prohibition of incest, exogamy, endogamy; forms of marriage: polyandry, polygyny, monogamy; family and kinship system: clans, halves and classes of kin, critique of the hypotheses of primary promiscuity and group marriage; distinctive features of the family, the prohibition of incest and elementary social organisation, marriage as a group bond, the relationship between family and global society.
8. Primary and secondary social relationships
Topics: community and association - basic types of ties and patterns of social groups, constitutive features of community and association and their main forms; concept of primary group and its examples, primary group as moral unity and ideal of moral unity, ensemble and ensemble consciousness; personal and ideological bond, primary groups and social structure; negative and positive identification, group identity and civic duties, characteristics of the sense of group membership.
9. Traditional culture
Issues: primordial mentality as prelogical mentality, mystical nature of collective imagery (image, likeness, name, name, shadow, dream), law of participation, totemic relationships; orality, authority of tradition - authority of old age, conformism; folklore, gymna memory, family memory, value of 'old truth' and indigenous tradition.
10. Chivalric culture, noble culture
Topics: the rise of European feudalism; the personal bond between people in feudal society: The role of fiefs and vassalage; the idea of contract vs. chivalry and nobility; fief tribute and knighting - symbolism of feudal ties; being a knight as a profession and being a noble as a marker of social position; the transformation of chivalry into nobility; chivalry as an institution and chivalry as a myth; the sacralisation of chivalry - the birth of the ideal; honour as the highest value of the chivalric ethos; courtly love as initiation; chivalry today; class brotherhood and family responsibility; chivalry and nobility as a culture of affect and emotion.
11. Bourgeois culture
Topics: bourgeois - social type and cultural pattern, personal merit, property and freedom, economic and political individualism, interest vs. emotional ties and interpersonal relationships, instrumentalisation of interpersonal relationships, notion of homo oeconomicus; utilitarianism, methodical life, industriousness and frugality, Protestant ethics and Puritan attitudes, religiosity the sources of capitalist attitudes, irrational-speculative and rational capitalism - based on the rational organisation of free labour and on a rational structure of law and administration, the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie and the proletariat as two classes linked to the rational organisation of free labour; from Puritan attitudes to consumer attitudes, from bourgeois culture to mass culture.
12. Mass culture
Issues: the phenomenon of agglomeration, the masses - its objective and subjective aspects, the concept of "mass" versus the concept of "crowd", the mentality and attitude of the mass man; mass culture - produced, standardised, homogenised; infantilisation of the vision of the world, corruption of creativity, depersonalisation of interpersonal bonds; mass culture - leisure culture, entertainment as a value in itself, the omnipresence of the spectacle, the playful concept of life.
13. Alternatives
Issues: alternatives as an attempt to go beyond society: contestation of prevailing models of life, direct experience, contact with nature; alternatives as an attempt to reform society: creating new and direct human bonds, transforming oneself and transforming one's environment; transcendental experience as the fulfilment of inner transformation; the sacred as the fulfilment and transcendence of art; the utopia of universal creativity.
14. Understanding culture
Issues: The human world as a product of human creativity, values as regulators of this creativity, their historical relativity; understanding cultural products and their interpretation; the ideal type, the "ideal boundary concept" as a tool for understanding; the humanistic coefficient - the subjective and intersubjective aspect of cultural reality; cultural relativism as a cognitive assumption and a practical attitude; the normative basis of relativism; the Russoist revolution - identification with the other as the starting point of the human sciences; questioning one's own identity as a condition for understanding the other; the question of cultural universalism: The question of tolerance towards ethnocentric and fundamentalist attitudes.