US Foreign Policy 4219-AW105
This Course is available only to M.A. students who have never taken our B.A. Course United States and the World as a B.A. student. Graduates of American Studies Program at the B.A. level must join our "Advanced Track," we cannot offer double credit for the same course material.
Introduction.
Is the world in "disarray," and is this because America is a country in "disarray," as the president of the Council on Foreign Relations, Richard Haass, appears to contend in his 2017 book? Is America in retreat, as columnist Bret Stephens has written in a 2014 book? Does America have three (possibly four?) choices: to be "incoherent," to be "independent," to be a "moneyball" for the rest of the world, or to be "indispensable" to the free world, as political scientist Ian Bremmer has written in a 2015 book? What options will the administration of President Donald J. Trump select, for what reason(s), with what outcome?
Throughout Spring Term 2017 we will address the challenges to be faced by the new President of the United States, his secretaries of state and defense, and his national security team, as they pursue what appears to be a 21st century version of "Dollar Diplomacy" worldwide, coupled with substantial deregulation, very pervasive opposition to "managed" trade in the form of the North American, Transatlantic, and Trans-Pacific trade partnerships, and a stated commitment to infrastructure investment. This changes the architecture of traditional United States foreign economic policy.
This course will introduce the graduate student to the objectives and purposes of United States Foreign Policy from the Colonial, Revolutionary, and Constitutional periods across the 19th and 20th centuries and through the first decade and into the second decade of our 21st Century. Ernest Lee Tuveson and others have suggested that American policy makers, primarily U.S. Presidents, have involved the United States in foreign battles, conflicts, and wars for the purpose of ”redemption. ” This analysis concludes that American Presidents envision America’s mission (diplomatic and military) to be the salvation of foreign lands and populations: ”a war to end all wars” (Wilson) or the replacement of an ”Evil Empire” with one that more closely resembles American democracy (Reagan). Of the two alternatives, Isolationism or Interventionism, since 1914 American Presidents appear to have preferred the latter, sometimes with the blessing of the Congress but frequently against its vociferous opposition. Since the Atlantic Charter (1941), America has tended to make its foreign policy parallel to that of other North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) countries, especially Great Britain, more or less, and at times parallel with other signatories to the Atlantic Charter such as France and the Soviet Union (now the Russian Federation). In the war on terror, the United States has tried to square its foreign policy with China and other leading members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), particularly the Russian Federation
Course Objectives.
The Global Commitments the United States of America has made since 1789 will be the focus of this course. Students will learn the characteristics of United States Foreign Policy as it became an isolationist Nation under the Monroe Doctrine from 1823 until 1914, but an interventionist "Redeemer Nation" ever since. Great attention will focus on diplomacy as the United States foreign policy has been influenced by domestic politics.
Secondly, we shall witness changing U.S. Foreign Policy at several critical periods in time: World War I, World War II, the ”Cold War, ” the Korean Conflict, Vietnam, Reagan Presidency, and the War on ”Terror” that began at the time the ”Cold War” ended. Focus will be primarily on diplomatic and military policy, but afford some attention to America’s foreign aid policy, foreign economic policy, foreign trade policy, international peacekeeping policy, national security policy, and technology regulation policy, all important in the present time.
We must accomplish two methodological goals simultaneously. One is for the student to learn about American Foreign Policy, how it has been formulated, why, and how it has changed. Another is for us to tie the changes to events that have occurred historically: World War I and the League of Nations (the collapse of Imperial China and Imperial Russia); World War II and repulsion of Fascist aggression in Asia and Europe, followed by the Marshall Plan and U.S. reconstruction of Germany and Japan; the "Cold War," Korea and Vietnam, Containment, and collapse of the Soviet Union; the age of "terror" following the attack on the United States Pentagon and World Trade Center in New York City on 11 September 2001.
With so many parts of the world depending upon the United States of America for their continued freedom in the face of open predators, America can ill afford to make repeated mistakes that tempt adversaries to exert challenges never dreamed of during strong presidencies. Is the world properly divisible into "sectors" such as a "Russian Sector" to encompass the region the Soviet Union used to dominate or a "Chinese Sector" in the Western Pacific rim, or should it be clearly dominated North and South, East and West, by United States hegemony? In the face of blatant challenges, should the United States and its Allies respond mildly with economic sanctions or ferociously with mighty military force to dominate the air, the land, and the seas with "drone" and "stealth" vehicles and the unimaginable ordnance they have the capability to deliver?
Attendance is mandatory for each scheduled class in its entirety. Late arrivals or early departures may be so noted by the instructor.
Type of course
Learning outcomes
Upon completing this Lecture, the student should understand the objectives of United States Foreign Policy in an historical context, from about 1620 to the 21st century. Included within "foreign policy" are diplomatic, economic, and military policy goals, as these have varied across the administrations of different presidents, and interfaced with important domestic policy objectives during times of peace and war.
Upon completing this Course, each graduate student should:
1. Be aware of the different principles of contending theories of international relations and their applications by states in various regions of the world, for different purposes.
2. Know the contributions American and naturalised American figures have made to theories and applications of international relations in cultural, diplomatic, economic, intelligence, military, and trade endeavours.
3. Be able to identify similarities and differences of contending
contending theories of international relations and resulting policies.
4. Have a working knowledge of the underlying cultural dimensions behind contending theories of international relations.
5. Recognise the complex applications of contending theories of international relations in actual practice.
6. Explain in detail using diplomatic language the dynamics of each application of international relations as well as the interface of each theory with the other theories.
7. Articulate practical applications of international relations theories generally in the course of actual relations between and among nations, reflecting an introductory understanding of their nature and purposes.
8. Formulate critical judgments evidencing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats of each major international relations policy used by the United States of America historically.
9. Compare the Realist with the Idealist approaches to theories of international relations, identifying in 20th and 21st century by the United States of America under different Presidents.
10. Project with some sophistication the main changes likely to be made in United States foreign policy, especially economic policies, by the 45th United States President Donald J. Trump, beginning in 2017.
11. Specific changes the 45th United States President, Donald J. Trump, must make including but not limited to changes in United States foreign economic policies to steady the course following the inaction of the Barrack Obama Presidency.
12. Detailed reactions of world leaders and world popular opinion to specific changes in United States foreign policies including foreign economic policies to be proposed and implemented by the 45th United States President, Donald J. Trump, as they unfold.
Assessment criteria
Grading will be based upon the outcome of a single examination, folowing University policy. The Instructor reserves the right to raise the final course grade for any legitimate reason including particularly perfect or nearly perfect attendance, to achieve fundamental fairness. The Examination will contain objective ("true or false" and/or "multiple choice") as well as subjective ("essay type") questions.
Bibliography
Required Readings.
• U.S. Government Accountabi8lity Office (GAO). 2010. National Defense: Hybrid Warfare. GAO Publication 10-1036R. Washington: U.S. Government Accountability Office. 10 Sep. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-1036R
• Walter LaFeber. The American Age: U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750 to the Present. New York: 2d ed. 1989, W.W. Norton & Company, Ltd. ISBN 0393964744.
Required Readings (On Reserve In Library):
• Allison, Graham. 2017. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? New York: Houghton Mifflin.
• Ian Bremmer. Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World. New York: 2015. Portfolio/Penguin Random House.
• Richard Haass. 2017. A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order. New York: Penguin Books.
• Samuel P. Huntington. Who Are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity. New York: 2005, Simon and Schuster.
• David A. Jones. 2016. “Is Liber-Realism on the Horizon? Rule, Serica! Serica Rules the Waves? Private Sector Management Approaches to Explaining then Deescalating Conflict and Confrontation Along the Western Pacific Rim,” International Journal of Business Management & Research (IJBMR), Vol. 6, Ni. 5, 71-96. Oct. http://www.tjprc.org/view-archives.php?year=2016&id=32&jtype=2&page=3
• David A. Jones. 2016. “From A Desert to A Garden in A Lifetime: Rapid, Robust, Expeditionary Transformation of ‘Failed States’ to Avoid the Appearance or Reality of Social Control,” The International Manager, Vol. 3, No. 11, 97-117. Sep. http://www.issnjournals.com/uploads/admin/paper/97-117%20_The%20International%20Manger%20_%20FROM%20A%20DESERT%20TO%20A%20GARDEN%20IN%20A%20LIFETIME%20_%20%20Dr.%20David%20A.%20Jones.pdf
• David A. Jones. 2016. “Social Class in the First Two Decades of the 21st Century America: Has Class Structure Been Altered by the Financial Crisis?” Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity, Vol. 2, No. 4, 36-42. Sep. http://www.swiftjournals.org/sjssh/pdf/2016/september/David2.pdf
• David A. Jones. 2016. “Microfinancing Abroad along China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’: Replicating the Wokai, Kiva and Other Experiments Worldwide and the American ‘War On Poverty’ Experience Internationally,” Proceedings of the Ninth Asia-Pacific Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Banking (AP16 Hong Kong Conference) ISBN: 978 1 943579 68 6 Hong Kong SAR. 1-10. 11-13 Aug. Paper ID HK631.
http://globalbizresearch.org/HongKong_Conference_2016_Aug/docs/doc/Global%20Business,%20Economics%20&%20Sustainability/HK631_Abstract.pdf
• David A. Jones. 2016. “Territorial Sovereignty, Maritime Interests, Power Allocation As Defined by China’s Supreme People’s Court: Impact on Foreign Private Sector Management Across the ‘New Silk Road’ and ‘New Maritime Silk Route’,” Proceedings of the Ninth Asia-Pacific Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Banking (AP16 Hong Kong Conference) ISBN: 978 1 943579 68 6 Hong Kong SAR. 13 Aug. Paper ID HK637.
http://globalbizresearch.org/HongKong_Conference_2016_Aug/docs/doc/Global%20Business,%20Economics%20&%20Sustainability/HK637_Abstract.pdf
• David A. Jones. 2016. "Private Sector Management Approaches To Explaining then Deescalating Conflict and Confrontation Along the Western Pacific Rim,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social Sciences and Business, Tokyo, Japan, 750-771. 25-27 Aug. ISBN 978 986 87417 7 5.
• David A. Jones. 2015. Four Eagles and a Dragon: Successes and Failures of Quixotic Encirclement in Foreign Policy, An Analysis. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, Plc. 394 pp. ISBN 9 789385 436826.
• David A. Jones. 2015. “Hybrid Conflict and Encirclement: Reconfiguration of Eastern Europe
by NATO, Trade Barriers, and a Chinese Solution for Greece.” Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy, Vol. 3, No. 8, 497-510. Aug.
http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/55ebfd364c909.pdf
•David A. Jones, “Quid pro Quo: Dependent Relative Revocation and Quixiotic Military Dis-encirclement,” Studia Europejskie, Vol. 17 (2014), No. 4, 99-120.
• David A. Jones. 2014. “The Management of Trade for International Security: An Analysis of Some Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,” International Journal of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 3, 499-507.
•David A. Jones. 2014. "On the Road away from Mandalay: Heading West along the 'Silk Road' as China Moves Its Investments into Europe, around Russia," Journal of Business & Economics, Vol. 5, No. 6, 249-263. Jun.
• David A. Jones. 2010. "The Great Middle East, A Permanent Palestinian Homeland, Multi-Polar Commercial Competition: The Beginning, Not Ending, Of An Era," in GeoPolitica, vol. VIII, no. 33-34 (01/2010), 51 to 55.
• David A. Jones. 2009. "A Clash of Expectations: Sorting Out Where East Meets West After the Polish Missile Crisis," in Andrzej Mania and Lukasz Wordliczek, eds. 2009. The United States and the World: From Imitation to Challenge. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press, 87-99.
• David A. Jones and Joanna Waluk. 2009. "The Polish Missile Crisis: Transatlantic Tensions Since 2008 Among Poland, the Ukraine, the United States, and the Russian Federation," in Andrzej Mania and Lukasz Wordliczek, eds. 2009. The United States and the World: From Imitation to Challenge. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press, 101-113.
• David A. Jones. 2009. “Ideal Realism: International Relations Among The ‘P5’ Powers,” in David A. Jones, ed., Ideal Realism in the 21st Century. Boston: 2009, Pearson PLC Publishing, pp. 1 to 10.
• David A. Jones. 2009. Ideal Realism in the 21st Century. Boston: 2009, Pearson PLC Publishing.
• David A. Jones and Joanna Waluk. 2009. “The Golden Age of Radio: Entertainment, News, and Politics in the United States, 1926 Until 1956,‘in Grzegorz Kosc and Krzysztof Majer, eds., Tools of Their Tools: Communications, Technologies, and American Cultural Practice. Newcastle: 2009, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 12 to 27.
• David A. Jones. 2009. “Globalisation, Law and Policy: New International Relations Theories -Emergence of ‘Amusement Park’, ‘Casino’, ‘Chance’, and “Table Sport' Theories” in Proceedings of the 3rd Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. Mexico City: 2009.
• David A. Jones. 2008. “One Grand Global Alliance: No Enlargement of Size, No Dilution of Veto, and No Tyranny of the 'Tiny States' in the U.N. Security Council” in David A. Jones, ed., Case Studies in Public Policy and Management. Case Program of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Cambridge: 2008, Pearson, pp. 1 to 18.
• David A. Jones. 2008. “Twentieth-Century American Legal Literature: Were The 'Crits' Right?” in Boźenna ChyliĹska, ed., Ideology and Rhetoric: Constructing America. Cambridge: 2008, Cambridge Scholars Publishing Company.
• David A. Jones. 2008. “21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy: Justification and Legality of 'Muscular Interventionism,'” in Andrzej Mania, et al., eds., U.S. Foreign Policy: Theory, Mechanisms, Practice. Krakow: 2008, Jagellonian University Press, pp. 465 to 475.
• Robert Miniter. 2014. "Why Putin Worries About Poland, but Not Obama," Forbes. 15 May. http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardminiter/2014/05/15/why-putin-is-worries-about-poland-and-raytheon-but-not-obama/?partner=yahootix
• Thomas Piketty and Arthur Goldhammer. 2014. Capital in the twenty-First Century. Boston: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Bret Stephens. America in Retreat: The New Isolationism and the Coming Global Disorder. New York: 2014. Sentinel/Penguin/Random House.
Companion Readings.
• Artur Adamczyk and Przemyslaw Dubel. 2014. Poland and Turkey in Europe: Social, Economic and Political Experiences and Challenges. Warsaw: Centre for Europe, University of Warsaw.
•Artur Adamczyk and Przemyslaw Dubel. 2012. Poland in the European Union: Adjustment and Modernisation. Warsaw: 2012, Centre for Europe, University of Warsaw, and Lviv: Faculty of International Relations, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.
• Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. Brinkley, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938 (8th edition) (Penguin Books, 1997)
• George Athan Billias. 2011. American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective. New York: New York University (NYU) Press.
• Barry Buzan. 1983. People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations. Charlotte: University of North Carolina Press.
• Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup, Pierre Lemaitre, Elzbieta Tromer, and Ole Waever. 1990. The European Security Order Recast: Scenarios for the Post-Cold War Era. London: Cassell Pinter Publishers, Ltd.
• Barry Buzan. 1991. People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post Cold War Era. Wivenhoe Park (UK): European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Press.
• Barry Buzan, Charles Jones, and Richard Little. 1993. The Logic of Anarchy: Neo-Realism to Structural Realism. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Barry Buzan, and Eric Herring. 1998. The Arms Dynamic in World Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Barry Buzan, and Richard Little. 2000. International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press USA.
• Barry Buzan, and Ole Waever. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
• Barry Buzan. 2004. From International to World Society: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
• Barry Buzan. 2009. The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
• Barry Buzan, and Michael Cox. “China and the U.S.: Comparable Cases of ‘Peaceful Rise’?” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 6:2, 109-132 (Summer 2013). http://cjip.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/2/109.full.
• Daniel S. Cheever and H. Field Haviland, Jr., American Foreign Policy and the Separation of Powers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.
• Nisha Desai Biswal. “U.S. Foreign Policy in South Asia: A Vision for Prosperity and Security.” Washington: U.S. Department of State (16 April 2014). http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rmks/2014/224914.htm.
• Raluca Csematoni. “The Asia-Pacific Security Complex – Rewriting the Regional Security Architecture,” International Security and Information Service (ISIS) (17 April 2014). http://isiseurope.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/the-asia-pacific-security-complex-rewriting-the-regional-security-architecture/
• Glenn P. Hastedt, American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, Future. Pearson PLC, 6th ed. 2005 ISBN 0130975176.
• Glenn P. Hastedt, American Foreign Policy Annual Editions Series 05/06. Dushkin 11th ed. 2005. ISBN 007312866X
Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War: The World and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1941-1945 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990).
•William D. Leahy, I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time. New York: McGraw-Hill Whitlesey House, 1950. READ Fleet Admiral Leahy's comment on the atomic bomb and its use on Japan in 1945: ""Once it had been tested, President Truman faced the decision as to whether to use it. He did not like the idea, but he was persuaded that it would shorten the war against Japan and save American lives. It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons... My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make wars in that fashion, and that wars cannot be won by destroying women and children." Ibid., 41. This book is reprinted under the title of Leahy, William D. 2016. I Was There: The Memoirs of FDR’s Chief of Staff. New York: Enigma Books.
•Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double Edged Sword (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996)
• Dariusz Milczarek, Artur Adamczyk, Kamil Zajączkowski (eds.), Introduction to European Studies. A New Approach to Uniting Europe. Warsaw: 2013, Publishing Programme of Centre for Europe University of Warsaw, s. 770
• Benjamin Miller, States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge: 2007, Cambridge University Press.
• Thomas G. Patterson, J. Garry Gifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan, American Foreign Policy: A History, 2d ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1983)
• Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996)
• Donald M. Snow and Eugene Brown, Beyond the Water's Edge: An Introduction to U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997).
• Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995)
• Gregory F. Treverton, Making American Foreign Policy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1994).
Recommended Readings
• Richard K. Betts, Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on the Causes of War and Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1994)
• Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds., The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995)
• James Fallows, Looking At the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994
• Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 1993)
• G. John Ikenberry, "The Myth of Post-Cold War Chaos," Foreign Affairs 75 (May/June 1996): 79-91
• Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, and Stanley Hoffmann, eds., After the Cold War: International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe, 1989-1991 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993)
• Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994)
• Paul Krugman, "Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession," Foreign Affairs 73 (March/April 1994): 28-44
• Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., et al., "The Fight over Competitiveness," Foreign Affairs 73 (July/August 1994): 186-203
• Jim Rohwer, Asia Rising: Why America Will Prosper as As Economies Boom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995)
• Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1994 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)
• Lester Thurow, Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Japan, Europe, and America (New York, Warner Books, 1993)
• Ole Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup, and Pierre Lemaitre. 2003. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan
• Jiangli Wang and Barry Buzan. 2014. “The English and Chinese Schools of International Relations: Comparisons and Lessons,” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7:1, 1-46 (Spring).
http://cjip.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/1.full.pdf+html.
Additional information
Additional information (registration calendar, class conductors, localization and schedules of classes), might be available in the USOSweb system: